![]() ![]() A typical LNG process Specific energy content and energy density ![]() These reserves of liquefied gas could be deployed at a moment's notice through regasification processes, and today are the main means for networks to handle local peak shaving requirements. With the advent of large-scale cryogenic storage, it became possible to create long term gas storage reserves. Given that storage of other fuels is relatively easily secured using simple tanks, a supply for several months could be kept in storage. Furthermore, the development of LNG storage also introduced a reliability in networks which was previously thought impossible. This meant that natural gas markets were historically entirely local, and any production had to be consumed within the local or regional network.ĭevelopments of production processes, cryogenic storage, and transportation effectively created the tools required to commercialize natural gas into a global market which now competes with other fuels. In the past this usually meant that natural gas produced was typically flared, especially since unlike oil, no viable method for natural gas storage or transport existed other than compressed gas pipelines to end users of the same gas. Natural gas was considered during the 20th century to be economically unimportant wherever gas-producing oil or gas fields were distant from gas pipelines or located in offshore locations where pipelines were not viable. These lighter fractions of methane and ethane are then liquefied to make up the bulk of LNG that is shipped. ![]() The gas stream is typically separated into the liquefied petroleum fractions (butane and propane), which can be stored in liquid form at relatively low pressure, and the lighter ethane and methane fractions. Corrosion of steel pipes and amalgamization of mercury to aluminum within cryogenic heat exchangers could cause expensive damage. Failure to remove much or all of such acidic molecules, mercury, and other impurities could result in damage to the equipment. The "acidic" elements such as hydrogen sulphide (H 2S) and carbon dioxide (CO 2), together with oil, mud, water, and mercury, are removed from the gas to deliver a clean sweetened stream of gas. These gases have wide-ranging boiling points and also different heating values, allowing different routes to commercialization and also different uses. Other gases also occur in natural gas, notably CO 2. The gas extracted from underground hydrocarbon deposits contains a varying mix of hydrocarbon components, which usually includes mostly methane (CH 4), along with ethane (C 2H 6), propane (C 3H 8) and butane (C 4H 10). The natural gas is then condensed into a liquid at close to atmospheric pressure by cooling it to approximately −162 ☌ (−260 ☏) maximum transport pressure is set at around 25 kPa (4 psi) ( gauge pressure), which is about 1.25 times atmospheric pressure at sea level. ![]() The liquefaction process involves removal of certain components, such as dust, acid gases, helium, water, and heavy hydrocarbons, which could cause difficulty downstream. Hazards include flammability after vaporization into a gaseous state, freezing and asphyxia. LNG is odorless, colorless, non-toxic and non-corrosive. It takes up about 1/600th the volume of natural gas in the gaseous state at standard conditions for temperature and pressure. Liquefied natural gas ( LNG) is natural gas (predominantly methane, CH 4, with some mixture of ethane, C 2H 6) that has been cooled down to liquid form for ease and safety of non-pressurized storage or transport. Liquified natural gas ship at Świnoujście LNG terminal in Poland Not to be confused with liquefied petroleum gas, nor with compressed natural gas, nor with natural-gas condensate (natural gas liquids). ![]()
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